1 Introduction

The digital revolution has swept across the globe, transforming everything from commerce to healthcare (European Commission, 2020). Yet, amidst this progress, a digital divide persists – a disparity in access to and effective use of digital technology (United Nations, 2019; Vassilakopoulou & Hustad, 2021). Sweden, a nation ranking fourth in the Digital Economy and Social Index (European Commission, 2022), faces a paradox when it comes to digital inclusion for older persons. While national statistics boast a high internet penetration rate of 95% (Statista, 2023), only 58% of those over 75 actively use the internet (Erhag et al., 2019). This gap widens with age, with estimates suggesting over 400,000 individuals aged 65-85 are digitally excluded (Anderberg et al., 2020; Holgersson & Söderström, 2019). This significant gap between access and usage exposes a critical issue: digital exclusion among Sweden’s older population.

This disparity transcends mere technical access. It breeds social isolation, hinders civic engagement, and ultimately undermines the full participation of older persons in society (Runesson, 2022; Ranchordás, 2022). Addressing this challenge is not just a matter of equity but also of human rights (Sanders & Scanlon, 2021). The European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles (European Commission, 2022), in alignment with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN, 2023), underscores the need for a people-centred digital transformation that fosters inclusion and empowers individuals.

1.1 Aim

This essay analyzes the factors contributing to digital exclusion among older persons in Sweden. It explores the social and political implications of this divide and proposes solutions grounded in a human rights-based approach.

1.2 Research Questions

1. What are the factors contributing to digital exclusion among older persons in Sweden, and how does it impact their social and political well-being?
2. How can a human rights-based approach contribute to bridging this digital divide?

2 Digital Exclusion Among Older Persons in Sweden

Despite the high internet usage rate (Kemp, 2023), a significant digital divide persists among older persons in Sweden. Several factors contribute to this exclusion.

2.1 Limited Digital Literacy and Skills

Education background plays a crucial role. Individuals with lower educational attainment often lack the fundamental skills required for digital tools (Anderberg et al., 2020). Pre-digital era education leaves them unprepared for the current technological landscape (Leek, 2021). Addressing this gap requires targeted digital literacy programs designed for older persons’ learning styles and needs (Alexopoulou & Åström, 2022), as many older persons express a need for assistance with basic tasks like creating a mobile banking ID and opening an email account.

2.2 Social Support Networks and Policy Considerations

Limited social support networks can exacerbate digital exclusion. Older persons often rely on informal support for digital assistance, but geographical distance, strained relationships, or a lack of technical expertise within these networks can restrict access to guidance (Alexopoulou & Åström, 2022). Policy responses may also unintentionally overlook diverse needs. Focusing solely on the very old group in welfare technology initiatives can create a grey digital divide (Alexopoulou & Åström, 2022).  Intergenerational learning programs (Flynn, 2022) with younger family members or volunteers can bridge the gap and strengthen bonds (Kanižaj & Brites, 2022).

2.3 Accessibility Challenges and Technology Design

The availability and accessibility of digital support services are crucial. While initiatives like Mölndal Municipality’s home care service providing limited digital support are commendable, their scope may not cater to the diverse needs of the older population. The increasing shift towards digitalized welfare services can unintentionally exclude those not digitally engaged (Alexopoulou & Åström, 2022). Expanding and tailoring these services while incorporating user feedback is essential. User-unfriendly interfaces and a lack of age-friendly features further hinder technology adoption (Helsper, 2017; Landgren & Cajander, 2021). Power dynamics, market forces, and societal attitudes toward ageing and disability significantly influences technology design (Chu et al., 2020; AGE Platform Europe, 2023). Fear of technology and age-related physical or cognitive limitations can also be significant obstacles (Anderberg et al., 2020; Valdemarson, 2022). 

2.4 Socioeconomic Factors

Income inequality restricts access to devices and internet services (Gültekin, 2023) for low-income older persons. This is evident in Sweden, where nearly one million people, including a significant proportion of older persons, have limited or no internet access due to socioeconomic factors (Hedman, 2020). Gender disparity also plays a role, with women, particularly those over 75, displaying lower internet usage rates (Gültekin, 2023). These factors intersect with race, disability, and other demographics, further marginalizing vulnerable populations (UN Women, 2022).

3 Social and Political Implications of Digital Exclusion Among Older Persons

3.1 Social Isolation and Well-being

Digital exclusion exacerbates social isolation (Age UK, 2020), which is a growing concern for older persons. Limited access to online communication tools and platforms hinders their ability to connect with family, friends, and online communities (Valdemarson, 2022). Conversely, research (Kuoppamäki & Östlund, 2020) suggests that versatile smartphone use can enhance social activities. These social connections are crucial for well-being, and their absence can lead to loneliness, depression, and decreased overall health (Bergström, 2023). 

3.2 Reduced Access to Services

Essential government services, healthcare information, and educational resources are increasingly online. This trend leaves digitally excluded older persons without access to these critical resources, impacting their health outcomes, financial security, and overall well-being (Seifert et al., 2020). Research by Bergström (2023) confirms difficulties in accessing healthcare, banking, and social services. This lack of access hinders independence and reduces quality of life (Wilson-Nash & Tinson, 2022). The COVID-19 pandemic (Zapletal et al., 2023) further highlighted the importance of digital connectivity for maintaining social connections and accessing critical services (Wilson et al., 2021). 

3.3 Hindered Political Participation

Information about elections, voting procedures, and political candidates is increasingly disseminated online (Bozek et al., 2022). Digital exclusion can limit older persons’ ability to stay informed and participate in the democratic process (EUFRA, 2023). This is particularly concerning in Sweden, where 87% of public services are now online (OECD, 2022). Initiatives like Sweden’s BankID (Blandino, 2021) underscore the need for digital literacy and access to equitable participation. However, robust support systems are required for effective platform navigation. 

3.4 Broader Impact

The European Union prioritizes social inclusion initiatives (EUFRA, 2021) for older persons. However, digital exclusion creates a concerning disparity across member states, potentially hindering global efforts to achieve healthy ageing and social inclusion (United Nations, 2020) 

The digital divide also challenges the vision of equal online access within the European Digital Single Market (European Parliament, 2023). This concern aligns with the World Health Organization’s (2023) recognition of the importance of digital technologies for promoting health and well-being. However, this very technology becomes a barrier for older persons globally, when it comes to accessing health information and services. 

The impact extends beyond social and health concerns. Digital exclusion can limit active citizenship and democratic participation (EUFRA, 2023), which are both actively encouraged by the EU and emphasized by the United Nations (2020) for older persons. Addressing the digital divide becomes even more critical when considering its potential to limit civic engagement and political participation among this growing demographic.

4 Bridging the Divide: A Human Rights Approach to Digital Inclusion

The digital divide among older persons in Sweden presents a human rights concern. A human rights-based approach emphasizes equitable access to digital resources and services for all individuals (European Commission, 2023). This approach recognizes internet access and digital literacy as fundamental rights interwoven with other human rights, such as information access, freedom of expression, and public life participation (Bonner, 2021). It aligns with the European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles, highlighting the EU’s commitment to a people-centred digital transformation (European Commission, 2022).

4.1 Building Inclusive Policies and Programs

To ensure effective solutions, policies addressing digital inclusion should involve the active participation of older persons (UNECE, 2021). Regular evaluation and adaptation of such policies are crucial (Valdemarson, 2022). Additionally, digital literacy programs tailored to the unique needs and capabilities of older persons are essential (UNECE, 2021; UNHCR, 2022). These programs should be inclusive, accessible, and measured for their impact on digital engagement and quality of life, not just participation rates.

4.2 Accessible Technology and Robust Support

Digital platforms and services must be designed with accessibility and inclusivity in mind. This means incorporating the needs and preferences of older persons during the design process and providing accommodations for individuals with disabilities (UNECE,  2021). Robust support systems are crucial to assist older persons in navigating the digital world. Offering technical support, guidance, and resources can help overcome barriers to digital inclusion (UNECE,  2021; UNHCR, 2022).

4.3 Empowering Older Persons and Collaborative Action 

The active involvement of older persons in decision-making processes related to digital inclusion ‌(UNHCR, 2022) is essential. Their experiences and perspectives should inform all stages of designing and implementing strategies. A collaborative effort involving government agencies, NGOs, private companies, and educational institutions (Wendt-Lucas et al., 2024) as well as intergenerational support (Kanižaj & Brites, 2022) is crucial for tackling digital exclusion. This multi-stakeholder approach ensures digital equity and upholds the digital rights of older persons.

5 Conclusion

Sweden, a leader in technological advancement, faces a significant digital divide among older persons. This essay has explored the multifaceted factors of this digital exclusion, such as limited digital literacy, inadequate exclusion, social support, socioeconomic disparities, and user-unfriendly technology, and its social and political implications. The consequences are profound, such as social isolation, reduced access to services, and hindered civic engagement.

A human rights-based approach offers a solution. Recognizing internet access and digital literacy as fundamental rights, this approach aligns with the EU’s commitment to an inclusive digital transformation. Key principles emerge, such as co-creating solutions with older persons, providing targeted digital literacy programs, and designing accessible platforms with robust support systems. A multi-stakeholder approach involving the government, NGOs, private companies, educational institutions, and intergenerational support is crucial.

Bridging the digital divide is not just about technological advancements, it’s about upholding human rights and ensuring dignity, autonomy, and full participation of older persons in the digital society (UNECE, 2021), aligning with the goal of Swedish elderly care (Swedish Institute, 2024). By empowering older persons to participate fully in the digital world, Sweden can foster a more vibrant and equitable society for all.

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